BEBER alcohol es igual que hacer YOGA jajajaja

El 22 de noviembre de 2010 00:21, Jorge Mas Sanchez <drmas_jorge@hotmail.com> escribió:     Estudios confirman que beber alcohol trae los mismos beneficios que la yoga!!! Savasana Una posición de relajamiento total Balasana Posición que trae una sensación de paz y tranquilidad. Setu Bandha Sarvangasana Esta posición calma el cerebro y recupera piernas cansadas. Marjayasana Esta posición provoca un masaje suave en la barriga y en la espina dorsal. Halasana Excelente para el dolor de espaldas y para el insomnio. Dolphin Excelente para los hombros, fortalece tórax, piernas y brazos. Salambhasana Una forma efectiva de fortalecer músculos lumbares, piernas y brazos. Ananda Balasana Esta posición hace un buen masaje en las caderas. Malasana Esta posición estira los tabillos y músculos de la espalda. Pigeon Tonifica el cuerpo, aumenta la flexibilidad y desestresa su mente.   EMPIEZA A PRACTICAR     No te tomes la vida demasiado en serio..., De todas maneras no saldrás vivo de ella. Por eso..., ¡Disfrútala!

 

Efeito de intervenção intensiva no estilo de vida por 12 meses sobre a esteatose hepática em adultos com diabetes tipo 2

Efeito de intervenção intensiva no estilo de vida por 12 meses sobre a esteatose hepática em adultos com diabetes tipo 2     São Paulo, 18 de Outubro de 2010 Perda de peso através de mudanças do estilo de vida é recomendada na doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (DHGNA). Todavia, sua eficácia em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 não é comprovada.   Pesquisadores publicaram, recentemente, no Diabetes Care, resultados do estudo Look AHEAD (Ação para Saúde em Diabetes), um ensaio clínico de 16 centros que incluiu 5145 adultos sobrepeso ou obesos com diabetes tipo 2, randomicamente alocados para uma intervenção intensiva no estilo de vida (IIEV) para induzir perda ponderal mínima de 7% ou ao grupo controle, que recebeu apoio e educação para o diabetes (AED). No Estudo Auxiliar de Gordura Hepática, 96 participantes completaram a espectroscopia por ressonância magnética com próton para quantificar a esteatose hepática e testes para excluir outras causas de doença hepática em momento basal e após 12 meses. Esteatose > 5,5% foi definida como DHGNA.   No total, 49% dos participantes era feminina e 68% era caucasiana. A idade média foi igual a 61 anos, o IMC médio foi igual a 35 kg/m², a média da esteatose foi igual a 8,0% e os valores médios de AST (aspartato-aminotransferase) e de ALT (alanino-aminotransferase) foram iguais, respectivamente, a 20,5 e 24,2 U/L. Após 12 meses, os participantes alocado no grupo IIEV (n = 46) perderam mais peso (–8,5 % vs –0,05%; P <  0,01) que os participantes alocados para AED e apresentaram maior redução da esteatose (–50,8 vs –22,8%; P = 0,04) e da HbA1c (–0,7 vs –0,2%; P = 0,04). Não houve alterações significativas dos níveis de AST e de ALT. Após 12 meses, 26% dos participantes do grupo AED e 3% (1 de 31) dos participantes do grupo IIEV sem DHGNA em momento basal desenvolveram DHGNA (P < 0,05).   Os pesquisadores concluíram que a intervenção intensiva no estilo de vida de 12 meses em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 reduz esteatose e a incidência de doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica. Uma resenha de Effect of a 12-month intensive lifestyle intervention on hepatic steatosis in adults with type 2 diabetes - Diabetes Care; 2010;33:215 – 2163

 

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http://elcomercio.pe/lima/675444/noticia-70-mil-peruanos-viven-virus-sida-no-lo-saben_1 Unos 70 mil peruanos viven con el virus del sida y no lo saben A la fecha, el Ministerio de Salud ha reportado 26.823 casos de personas con sida y 42.188 con VIH en el país. Desde el próximo mes se distribuirán gratuitamente 20 mil condones femeninos Sábado 27 de noviembre de 2010 - 08:12 am 11 comentarios (Foto: Luis Choy / El Comercio) El Comercio A pocos días de conmemorarse el Día Mundial de Lucha contra el Sida, las estadísticas de la Red Sida Perú revelan una alarmante situación. En 1990, por cada 14 varones con VIH había una sola mujer portadora del virus; en cambio, desde el 2000, por cada 3 hombres con VIH padece la enfermedad una mujer infectada. A la fecha, el Ministerio de Salud (Minsa) ha reportado 26.823 casos de personas con sida y 42.188 con VIH en el país. Se estima, además, que alrededor de 70 mil personas viven con VIH y no lo saben. Estas cifras las dio a conocer ayer un grupo de especialistas nacionales que asistió, en julio pasado, a la XVIII Conferencia Internacional de Sida-Viena 2010, donde participaron 193 países. El tratamiento antirretroviral como método de prevención fue uno de los temas destacados en esta cita internacional. "En Viena fue presentado el Caprisa 004, un estudio realizado en Sudáfrica que confirma que el empleo de un microbicida, que contiene un porcentaje de antirretroviral, puede ser una medida efectiva para prevenir la propagación del VIH en personas sanas", indicó Jorge Sánchez, representante de la ONG Impacta. Sin embargo, precisó que "hay muchos pasos que seguir antes de decidir implementarlo masivamente". Según estos especialistas, en América Latina es necesario lograr el acceso universal al tratamiento de VIH y a la educación sexual en todos los países. Al respecto, Gustavo Rossell, representante del Minsa, destacó que el Aseguramiento Universal en Salud (AUS) garantiza el completo diagnóstico y tratamiento para personas con VIH y detalló que el Estado cuenta con el servicio de tratamiento antirretroviral gratuito en todo el país. El funcionario detalló que, en coordinación con el Ministerio de Educación, se trabaja el tema de prevención en escolares, para generar el conocimiento de la enfermedad y los comportamientos que deben adoptar. No hay que olvidar, sin embargo, que una de las formas más comunes y penosas de contagio es la transmisión vertical; es decir de madre a hijo. Al respecto, Rossell sostuvo que la proporción de esta forma de contagio ha disminuido de 16% a 14%, con relación al 2008. CONDÓN FEMENINO En un plan piloto impulsado por el Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas (UNFPA), a partir del próximo mes se distribuirá gratuitamente un lote de 20 mil condones femeninos, donados por esta institución, entre la población vulnerable de Lima Metropolitana, Callao, Ica y Ucayali. El lanzamiento oficial será este 10 de diciembre. LAS CIFRAS 33 Millones de personas en el mundo están infectadas con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). 9 De cada 10 mujeres peruanas con sida adquirieron el virus de su pareja habitual. 12,5% De la población masculina nacional refiere haber usado condón en su última relación sexual. Su uso como método de protección es bajo. Tags : Ministerio de Salud , Sida , Condones , VIH , Enlace | Tomar antirretrovirales reduce en 44% el riesgo de contagio de VIH entre hombres homosexuales, según estudio Enlace | Benedicto XVI aceptó que el uso del condón se justifica en ''algunos casos'' Enlace | Se inició el reparto de 18 millones de condones en todo el país

 

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Test de Hares

Hare Psychopathy Checklist

In contemporary research and clinical practice, Robert D. Hare's Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) is the psycho-diagnostic tool most commonly used to assess psychopathy.^[1] Because an individual's score may have important consequences for his or her future, and because the potential for harm if the test is used or administered incorrectly is considerable, Hare argues that the test should only be considered valid if administered by a suitably qualified and experienced clinician under controlled and licensed conditions.^[2][3] Hare receives a royalty on licensed use of the test.^[4]

Contents

[edit] PCL-R Model of psychopathy

The PCL-R is a clinical rating scale (rated by a psychologist or other professional) of 20 items. Each of the items in the PCL-R is scored on a three-point scale according to specific criteria through file information and a semi-structured interview. A value of 0 is assigned if the item does not apply, 1 if it applies somewhat, and 2 if it fully applies. In addition to lifestyle and criminal behavior the checklist assesses glib and superficial charm, grandiosity, need for stimulation, pathological lying, conning and manipulating, lack of remorse, callousness, poor behavioral controls, impulsivity, irresponsibility, failure to accept responsibility for one's own actions and so forth. The scores are used to predict risk for criminal re-offence and probability of rehabilitation.

The current edition of the PCL-R officially lists four factors (1.a, 1.b, 2.a, and 2.b), which summarize the 20 assessed areas via factor analysis. The previous edition of the PCL-R^[5] listed two factors. Factor 1 is labelled "selfish, callous and remorseless use of others". Factor 2 is labelled as "chronically unstable, antisocial and socially deviant lifestyle". There is a high risk of recidivism and currently small likelihood of rehabilitation for those who are labelled as having "psychopathy" on the basis of the PCL-R ratings in the manual for the test, although treatment research is ongoing.

PCL-R Factors 1a and 1b are correlated with narcissistic personality disorder and histrionic personality disorder. It is associated with extraversion and positive affect. Factor 1, the so-called core personality traits of psychopathy, may even be beneficial for the psychopath (in terms of nondeviant social functioning).

PCL-R Factor 2a and 2b are particularly strongly correlated to antisocial personality disorder and criminality and is associated with reactive anger, criminality, and impulsive violence. The target group for the PCL-R is convicted criminals. The quality of ratings may depend on how much background information is available and whether the person rated is honest and forthright.

[edit] Hare's Checklist and other mental disorders

Psychopathy, as measured on the PCL-R, is negatively correlated with all DSM-IV Axis I disorders except substance abuse disorders. Psychopathy is most strongly correlated with DSM-IV antisocial personality disorder.

Factor1: Personality "Aggressive narcissism"

• Glibness/superficial charm
• Grandiose sense of self-worth
• Pathological lying
• Cunning/manipulative
• Lack of remorse or guilt
• Shallow affect
• Callous/lack of empathy
• Failure to accept responsibility for own actions

Factor2: Case history "Socially deviant lifestyle".

• Need for stimulation/proneness to boredom
• Parasitic lifestyle
• Poor behavioral control
• Lack of realistic long-term goals
• Impulsivity
• Irresponsibility
• Juvenile delinquency
• Early behavior problems
• Revocation of conditional release

Traits not correlated with either factor

• Promiscuous sexual behavior
• Many short-term marital relationships
• Criminal versatility

The official stance of the American Psychiatric Association as presented in the DSM-IV-TR is that psychopathy and sociopathy are misnomers. The World Health Organization takes a different stance in its ICD-10 by referring to psychopathy, antisocial personality, asocial personality, and amoral personality as synonyms for dissocial personality disorder.

Among laypersons and professionals, there is much confusion about the meanings and differences between psychopathy, sociopathy, antisocial personality disorder, and the ICD-10 diagnosis, dissocial personality disorder. Hare takes the stance that psychopathy as a syndrome should be considered distinct from the DSM-IV's antisocial personality disorder construct,^[6] even though ASPD and psychopathy were intended to be equivalent in the DSM-IV. However, those who created the DSM-IV felt that there was too much room for subjectivity on the part of clinicians when identifying things like remorse and guilt; therefore, the DSM-IV panel decided to stick to observable behaviour, namely socially deviant behaviours.

As a result, the diagnosis of ASPD is something that the "majority of criminals easily meet."^[7] Hare goes further to say that the percentage of incarcerated criminals that meet the requirements of ASPD is somewhere between 80 to 85 percent, whereas only about 20% of these criminals would qualify for a diagnosis of what Hare's scale considers to be a psychopath.^[8] This twenty percent, according to Hare, accounts for 50 percent of all the most serious crimes committed, including half of all serial and repeat rapists. According to FBI reports, 44 percent of all police officer murders in 1992 were committed by psychopaths.^[9]

Another study using the PCL-R to examine the relationship between antisocial behaviour and suicide found that suicide history was strongly correlated to PCL-R Factor 2 (reflecting antisocial deviance) and was not correlated to PCL-R factor 1 (reflecting affective functioning). Given that ASPD relates to Factor 2, whereas psychopathy relates to both factors, this would confirm Hervey Cleckley's assertion that psychopaths are relatively immune to suicide. People with ASPD, on the other hand, have a relatively high suicide rate.^[10]

Since psychopaths frequently cause harm through their actions, it is assumed that they are not emotionally attached to the people they harm; however, according to the PCL-R Checklist, psychopaths are also careless in the way they treat themselves. They frequently fail to alter their behavior in a way that would prevent them from enduring future discomfort.

In practice, mental health professionals rarely treat psychopathic personality disorders as they are considered untreatable and no interventions have proved to be effective.^[11] In England and Wales the diagnosis of dissocial personality disorder is grounds for detention in secure psychiatric hospitals under the Mental Health Act if they have committed serious crimes, but since such individuals are disruptive for other patients and not responsive to treatment this alternative to prison is not often used.^[12]

Because an individual's scores may have important consequences for his or her future, the potential for harm if the test is used or administered incorrectly is considerable. The test can only be considered valid if administered by a suitably qualified and experienced clinician under controlled conditions. ^[2][3]

Hare wants the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders to list psychopathy as a unique disorder, saying psychopathy has no precise equivalent^[2] in either the DSM-IV-TR, where it is most strongly correlated with the diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder, or the ICD-10, which has a partly similar condition called dissocial personality disorder. Both organizations view the terms as synonymous. But only a minority of what Hare and his followers would diagnose as psychopaths who are in institutions are violent offenders.^[13][14]

The manipulative skills of some of the others are valued for providing audacious leadership.^[15] It is argued psychopathy is adaptive in a highly competitive environment, because it gets results for both the individual and the corporations^[16][17][18] or, often small political sects they represent.^[19] However, these individuals will often cause long-term harm, both to their co-workers and the organization as a whole, due to their manipulative, deceitful, abusive, and often fraudulent behaviour.^[20]

Hare describes people he calls psychopaths as "intraspecies predators^[21][22] who use charm, manipulation, intimidation, sex and violence^[23][24][25] to control others and to satisfy their own selfish needs. Lacking in conscience and empathy, they take what they want and do as they please, violating social norms and expectations without guilt or remorse".^[3] "What is missing, in other words, are the very qualities that allow a human being to live in social harmony."^[26]

[edit] PCL-R Factors

Early factor analysis of the PCL-R indicated it consisted of two factors.^[27] Factor 1 captures traits dealing with the interpersonal and affective deficits of psychopathy (e.g. shallow affect, superficial charm, manipulativeness, lack of empathy) whereas Factor 2 dealt with symptoms relating to antisocial behaviour (e.g. criminal versatility, impulsiveness, irresponsibility, poor behaviour controls, juvenile delinquency).^[27]

The two factors have been found by those following this theory to display different correlates. Factor 1 has been correlated with narcissistic personality disorder,^[27] low anxiety,^[27] low empathy,^[28] low stress reaction^[29] and low suicide risk^[29] but high scores on scales of achievement^[29] and well-being.^[29] In addition,the use of item response theory analysis of female offender PCL-R scores indicates factor 1 items are more important in measuring and generalizing the construct of psychopathy in women than factor 2 items.^[30]

In contrast, Factor 2 was found to be related to antisocial personality disorder,^[27] social deviance,^[27] sensation seeking,^[27] low socio-economic status^[27] and high risk of suicide.^[29] The two factors are nonetheless highly correlated^[27] and there are strong indications they do result from a single underlying disorder.^[31] However, research has failed to replicate the two-factor model in female samples.^[32]

Recent statistical analysis using confirmatory factor analysis by Cooke and Michie^[33] indicated a three-factor structure, with those items from factor 2 strictly relating to antisocial behaviour (criminal versatility, juvenile delinquency, revocation of conditional release, early behavioural problems and poor behavioural controls) removed from the final model. The remaining items are divided into three factors: Arrogant and Deceitful Interpersonal Style, Deficient Affective Experience and Impulsive and Irresponsible Behavioural Style.^[33]

In the most recent edition of the PCL-R, Hare adds a fourth antisocial behaviour factor, consisting of those Factor 2 items excluded in the previous model.^[34] Again, these models are presumed to be hierarchical with a single unified psychopathy disorder underlying the distinct but correlated factors.^[35]

The Cooke & Michie hierarchical 'three'-factor model has severe statistical problems—i.e., it actually contains ten factors and results in impossible parameters (negative variances)—as well as conceptual problems. Hare and colleagues have published detailed critiques of the Cooke & Michie model.^[36] New evidence, across a range of samples and diverse measures, now supports a four-factor model of the psychopathy construct,^[37]which represents the Interpersonal, Affective, Lifestyle, and overt Antisocial features of the personality disorder.

[edit] Diagnostic criteria and PCL-R assessment

Psychopathy is most commonly assessed with the PCL-R, ^[38] which is a clinical rating scale with 20 items. Each of the items in the PCL-R is scored on a three-point (0, 1, 2) scale according to two factors. PCL-R Factor 2 is associated with reactive anger, anxiety, increased risk of suicide, criminality, and impulsive violence.

PCL-R Factor 1, in contrast, is associated with extraversion and positive affect. Factor 1, the so-called core personality traits of psychopathy, may even be beneficial for the psychopath (in terms of nondeviant social functioning). A psychopath will score high on both factors, whereas someone with APD will score high only on Factor 2.^[39]

Both case history and a semi-structured interview are used in the analysis.

[edit] See also

• Psychopathy
• Robert Hare (psychologist)
• Diagnostic classification and rating scales used in psychiatry

[edit] References

1. ^ Leam Craig, Kevin Browne, Anthony R. Beech (2008) Assessing Risk in Sex Offenders p. 117 John Wiley and Sons, ISBN 0470018984
2. ^ ^{a b c} Hare, R. D. (2003). Manual for the Revised Psychopathy Checklist (2nd ed.). Toronto, ON, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
3. ^ ^{a b c} Hare, R. D., & Neumann, C. N. (2006). The PCL-R Assessment of Psychopathy: Development, Structural Properties, and New Directions. In C. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of Psychopathy (pp. 58-88). New York: Guilford.
4. ^ Carey, Benedict (June 11, 2010). "Legal Fight Delays Paper on Psychopathy Scale 3 Years". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/12/health/12psych.html. 
5. ^ The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised by Robert D. Hare, 1991. Multi-Health Systems, 908 Niagara Falls Blvd, North Tonawanda, New York, USA, 14120-2060
6. ^ Hare, R. D. Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder: A Case of Diagnostic Confusion, Psychiatric Times, February 1996, XIII, Issue 2 Accessed June 26, 2006
7. ^ Hare, Robert D. Without Conscience: The Disturbing World of Psychopaths Among Us, (New York: Pocket Books, 1993) pg 25.
8. ^ Rutherford MJ, Cacciola JS, Alterman AI (1999). "Antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy in cocaine-dependent women". The American Journal of Psychiatry 156 (6): 849–56. PMID 10360122. 
9. ^ Hare, Robert D. Without Conscience: The Disturbing World of Psychopaths Among Us, (New York: Pocket Books, 1993) pg 25-30.
10. ^ Verona E, Patrick CJ, Joiner TE (2001). "Psychopathy, antisocial personality, and suicide risk". Journal of Abnormal Psychology 110 (3): 462–70. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.110.3.462. PMID 11502089. 
11. ^ The Treatment of Psychopathic and Antisocial Personality Disorders: A Review - Jessica H Lee, BSc., MSc., M.Phil. Clinical Decision Making Support Unit, Broadmoor Hospital
12. ^ Paul Harrison & John Geddes (2005-07-18). Lecture Notes: Psychiatry. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 163–165. ISBN 9781405118699. http://books.google.com/?id=xjaQa-OseQ0C&pg=PA165&lpg=PA165&dq=dissocial+personality+disorder. 
13. ^ Belmore, M. F., & Quinsey, V. L. Correlates of psychopathy in a noninstitutional sample. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 9(3), 339-349 1994
14. ^ Hersh, K., & Gray-Little, B. Psychopathic traits and attitudes associated with self-reported sexual aggression in college men. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 13(4), 456-471 1998
15. ^ Hercz, R 'Psychopaths among us.' 2001 retrieved from
16. ^ Babiak, P. Psychopathic manipulation in organizations: Pawns, patrons, and patsies
17. ^ D. J. Cooke, Rache 71-99, lizbet1998
18. ^ A. E. Forth, J. P. Newman, & R. D. Hare (Eds.), Issues in criminological and legal psychology: No. 24, International perspective on psychopathy (pp. 12-17). Leicester, UK: British Psychological Society. 1996
19. ^ Mealey. L. 'The Sociobiology of Sociopathy: An Integrated Evolutionary Model' retrieved from [1]
20. ^ Babiak, P. From darkness into the light: Psychopathy in industrial and organizational psychology. In Herve, H. & Yuille, J.C. (Eds.), The Psychopath: Theory, Research and Practice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 2007
21. ^ Ochberg FM, Brantley AC, Hare RD, et al. (2003). "Lethal predators: psychopathic, sadistic, and sane". International journal of emergency mental health 5 (3): 121–36. PMID 14608825. 
22. ^ Simon, R. I. Psychopaths, the predators among us. In R. I. Simon (Ed.) Bad Men Do What Good Men Dream (pp. 21-46). Washington: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.1996
23. ^ D. J. Cooke, A. E. Forth, & R. D. Hare (Eds.), Psychopathy: Theory, research, and implications for society Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer
24. ^ Heilbrun, K. Violence risk: From prediction to management. In D. Carson & R. Bull (Eds.), Handbook of psychology in legal contexts, 2nd edition (pp. 127-142). New York: Wiley 2003
25. ^ Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E., & Lalumiére, M. Criminal violence: The roles of psychopathy, neurodevelopmental insults, and antisocial parenting. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 28(4), 402-426 2001.
26. ^ Hare, Robert D. Without Conscience: The Disturbing World of Psychopaths Among Us, (New York: Pocket Books, 1993) pg 2.
27. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Harpur, T. J., Hare, R. D., & Hakstian, A. R. (1989). "Two-factor conceptualization of psychopathy: Construct validity and assessment implications.". Psychological Assessment 1 (1): 6–17. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.1.1.6. 
28. ^ Zagon, I. K., & Jackson, H. J. (1994). "Construct validity of a psychopathy measure.". Personality and Individual Differences 17 (1): 125–135. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90269-0. 
29. ^ ^{a b c d e} Verona, E., Patrick, C. J., & Joiner, T. E. (2001). "Psychopathy, Antisocial Personality, and Suicide Risk". Journal of Abnormal Psychology 110 (3): 462–470. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.110.3.462. PMID 11502089. 
30. ^ Hare, R.D. (2003). Psychopathy checklist-revised technical manual, 2nd ed. Toronto: Multihealth Systems, Inc.
31. ^ Cooke, D. J., Kosson, D. S., & Michie, C. (2001). "Psychopathy and ethnicity: Structural, item and test generalizability of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) in caucasian and African American participants". Psychological Assessment 13 (4): 531–542. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.13.4.531. PMID 11793896. 
32. ^ Salekin, R. T., Rogers, R., & Sewell, K. W. (1997). "Construct validity of psychopathy in a female offender sample: A mutlitrait-multimethode evaluation". Journal of Abnormal Psychology 106 (4): 576–585. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.106.4.576. PMID 9358688. 
33. ^ ^{a b} Cooke, D. J., & Michie, C. (2001) (2001). "Refining the construct of psychopathy: Towards a hierarchical model". Psychological Assessment 13 (2): 171–188. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.13.2.171. PMID 11433793. 
34. ^ Hare, R. D. (2003). Manual for the Hare Psychopathy Checklist - Revised.. Multi-Health Systems. 
35. ^ Cooke, D. J., Michie, C., & Skeem, J. L. (2007) (2007). "Understanding the structure of the Psychopathy Checklist - Revised: An exploration of methodological confusion". British Journal of Psychiatry 190 (suppl. 49): s39-s50. doi:10.1192/bjp.190.5.s39. PMID 17470942. 
36. ^ Hare, R. D., & Neumann, C. S. (2008). "Psychopathy as a clinical and empirical construct". Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 4 (1): 217–246. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091452. 
37. ^ Neumann, C. S. (2007). "Psychopathy". British Journal of Psychiatry 191 (Oct): 357–358. doi:10.1192/bjp.191.4.357a. PMID 17906249. 
38. ^ Hare, 1991
39. ^ Davison, G.C., Neale, J.M., Blankstein, K.R., & Flett, G.L. (2002). Abnormal Psychology. (Etobicoke: Wiley)

[edit] Further reading

• Hare, R. D. (2003). "The Psychopathy Checklist—Revised, 2nd Edition." Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.
• Hare, R.D. (1980). "A research scale for the assessment of psychopathy in criminal populations." Personality and Individual Differences. 1, 111-120.
• Hill, C. D., Neumann, C. S., & Rogers, R. (2004). "Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV) in Offenders with Axis I Disorders." Psychological Assessment, 16, 90-95.
• Vitacco, M. J., Neumann, C. S.,& Jackson, R.(2005). "Testing a four-factor model of psychopathy and its association with ethnicity, gender, intelligence, and violence." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 466-76.
• Vitacco, M. J., Rogers, R., Neumann, C. S., Harrison, K., & Vincent, G. (2005). "A comparison of factor models on the PCL-R with mentally disordered offenders: The development of a four factor model." Criminal Justice and Behavior, 32, 526-545.

[edit] External links

• Generality of Psychopathy Checklist—Revised Factors Over Prisoners and Substance-Dependent Patients.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare_Psychopathy_Checklist"

Categories: Clinical psychology tests | Psychopathy | Checklists

Sobre Catarata y Vitaminas E - C

 

 

• Rommel Pinchi Perea

  Un estudio halla que las vitaminas E y C no reducen el riesgo de cataratas en los hombres
  HealthDay News (FUENTE: JAMA/Archives journals)
  viernes, 12 de noviembre de 2010
  
  Investigadores aseguran que el uso prolongado no tuvo efectos sobre este trastorno ocular relacionado con el envejecimiento
  
  El uso prolongado de complementos de vitaminas E y C no reduce el riesgo de cataratas relacionadas con el envejecimiento en los hombres, según un estudio reciente.
  "Se calcula que 20.5 millones de personas a partir de los cuarenta años en los EE. UU. muestran algo de evidencia de cataratas relacionadas con el envejecimiento", escribieron en un comunicado de prensa William G. Christen y sus colegas del Hospital Brigham y de Mujeres, y de la Facultad de medicina de la Harvard en Boston.
  
  Teniendo en cuenta que el daño oxidativo es una marca notoria de las cataratas, dijo, "un enfoque en la investigación nutricional ha sido la relación entre la ingesta diaria de nutrientes con potencial antioxidante, sobre todo vitamina E y C, y el riesgo de cataratas".
  
  Para estudiar los efectos de estas vitaminas, los investigadores reclutaron a 11,545 médicos de sexo masculino sanos a partir de los cincuenta años de edad. Se les asignó al azar a tomar 400 unidades internacionales (UI) de vitamina E a diario o un placebo, o 500 mg de vitamina C con un día de por medio o un placebo.
  
  Luego de un promedio de ocho años de tratamiento y seguimiento, hubo 1,174 cataratas y 801 cirugías para eliminarlas y reparar el cristalino. Hubo 579 cataratas en el grupo de la vitamina E y 595 en el grupo del placebo. Hubo 593 cataratas en el grupo de la vitamina C y 581 en el grupo del placebo.
  
  "En resumen, los datos de estos ensayos aleatorizados de una gran población de hombres de edad mediana y mayores que generalmente están bien nutridos indica que la complementación prolongada con vitaminas C y E en altas dosis, ya sea por sí mismas o combinadas, tiene pocos efectos sobre los índices de diagnóstico y extracción de cataratas", concluyeron los investigadores.
  
  El estudio aparece en la edición de noviembre de Archives of Ophthalmology.
  ........NO SE DEBEN DE ESPERANZAR EN SUPUESTOS ANTIOXIDANTES PARA FRENAR EL PASO Y PESO DE LOS AÑOS MIS QUERIDOS AMIGOS
  
  Un fuerte abrazo para todos 

 

       Rommel  Pinchi  Perea
       Medico - Oftalmologo
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Ser bilingüe retrasa el Alzheimer (O sea que tengo 5 anhos mas!!)

Hablar dos o más idiomas puede retrasar hasta en cinco años la aparición de síntomas de la enfermedad de Alzheimer, según revela un estudio difundido por la revista Neurology.

Un equipo de científicos del Instituto de Investigación Rotman, en Toronto (Canadá), examinó los datos de 211 pacientes diagnosticados de Alzheimer y comprobaron que quienes habían hablado de manera frecuente dos o tres idiomas durante varios años (102 pacientes) tardaban hasta cinco años más en mostrar los síntomas que afectan a las funciones mentales (pérdida de memoria, confusión y dificultades para resolver problemas y planificar) que el resto de enfermos.

"No estamos diciendo que el bilingüismo pueda evitar la enfermedad de Alzheimer y otras demencias, pero sí que contribuye a crear reservas cognitivas en el cerebro que parecen retrasar la aparición de sus síntomas durante varios años", ha explicado Fergus Craik, responsable de la investigación. Hasta el momento, ningún medicamento conocido ha conseguido demorar los síntomas del Alzheimer tanto tiempo.

Elena Sanz

Ser bilingüe retrasa el Alzheimer

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CON HAAAAARTA GRASA POR FAVOR [Archivo adjunto 1]

 

[Más abajo se incluyen archivos adjuntos de Carlos Bravo Matus]

Con algo de grasa DR. CARLOS A. BRAVO MATUS

 

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Archivos adjuntos de Carlos Bravo Matus

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